What Are Plastic Surgery - 1676 Words

When you hear the term â€Å"Plastic Surgery†, what comes to mind? For me, I think of a Barbie doll. An unrealistic image of the body, but still known to be the perfect doll. I think of the horror stories of botched surgeries. I think of insecurities and people attempting to correct their bodies. I also think of a different nose, Botox, injections, incisions, and scars. However, there are two different types of plastic surgery. There is cosmetic surgery, which is the term that people mostly associate with the word â€Å"plastic surgery†. There is also reconstructive surgery, which is the surgery people get when terrible things happen such as: car accidents, involvements with fire, bombs in war, a disease, birth defects etc. But, not all people think in the same way about cosmetic surgery. Others believe that plastic surgery can fix their problems and make them feel better about themselves. It is their life, they should be able to do what the please with their bodies. W hat some believe is the issue with plastic surgery and what people do not realize is that it does more harm than good, while others believe plastic surgery is okay and does no harm at all. Many people are still stuck between deciding is it ethical? Is it unethical? Should it be limited? Is it excessive? Like any issue it comes down to those who support it and those who are against it. Many people who support plastic surgery claim that it has many benefits to individuals. Some cosmetic surgeries prove only to enhanceShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes Plastic Surgery?929 Words   |  4 Pagesadvantage of plastic surgery on a daily basis. Doctors are persuaded to morph the faces normal women into that of a supermodel or actress, all for the sake of interesting television. Women take to social media to stalk out their favorite Hollywood dolls, searching for a source of inspiration. Hollywood and the media have extreme power over defining what makes a woman beautiful and have pressured millions of women to conform to their standards by getting plastic surgery. Celebrities’ use of plastic surgeryRead MoreWhat Are The Risks Of Plastic Surgery?1077 Words   |  5 PagesWHAT ARE THE RISKS OF PLASTIC SURGERY? Doctors say that when someone is over weight and they need to find a way to lose the fat, or die. Most doctors will say that if you can, take a little bit of time to exercise at least thirty minutes a day to improve on losing the fat. What do they do if exercising is too much to handle? Now, the doctors are going for looks instead, using plastic surgery to get rid of both fat and extra skin that is just hanging on the body or building up too fast to get ridRead MoreWhat Makes Plastic Surgery?1159 Words   |  5 PagesMaybe They were Born with it, Maybe it is Cosmetic Surgery Humans are social animals by nature. There is an ever-present urge to assimilate into society for person gain or comfort regardless of a person’s place of birth. Through personal observations, in both the Western and Eastern cultures, the region a person is brought up does not definitively matter when it concerns physical insecurities or how someone goes about remodeling themselves. Some go about change through adapting their dietary habitsRead MoreShould Teens Get Forced Into Getting Plastic Surgery?1656 Words   |  7 Pagesmother looks different from her, due to the fact she has gotten a lot of plastic surgery done to herself. Whose little girl wants to grow up and look beautiful, just like her mother, but doesn’t understand the risk of plastic surgery. When the little girl grows into a teen, she thinks she is finally ready to get her first cosmetic surgery done, a nose job. Her mother is all for it, since she has had plenty of cosmetic surgeries before, but is this perfectly team getting this for herself, where to makeRead MoreTaking a Look at Plastic Surgery1016 Words   |  4 Pagesthemselves into what they think is better. They are willing to put themselves under the knife just to accomplish their dream of extraordinary beauty. Plastic surgery is an easy road to the illusion of what people refer to as perfection. This subject is more closely related to women as they are always seeking attractive faces and flattering bodies. People tend to view plastic surgery as a simple amendment to their imperfections, but what they don’t realize is that a plastic surgery is a tool that couldRead MorePlastic Surgery Becomes More Popular953 Words   |  4 PagesAs time progresses, plastic surgery becomes more popular. Plastic surgery isn’t just what’s seen on TV and on social media; plastic surgery is much more than facelifts, rhinoplasty, and breast enhancements. In fact, â€Å"plastic surgery is anything that undergoes the proces s of reconstructing or repairing parts of the body.† (Reconstructive Surgery) The facelift Kris Jenner recently just had done is equally considered plastic surgery as an ordinary person getting an extra finger removed. These are bothRead MorePlastic Surgery And Its Effects On Society959 Words   |  4 PagesOver time, plastic surgery has become a lot more popular. Plastic surgery isn’t just what’s seen on TV and on social media; plastic surgery is much more than facelifts, rhinoplasty, and breast enhancements. In fact, â€Å"plastic surgery is anything that undergoes the process of reconstructing or repairing parts of the body.† (Reconstructive Surgery) The facelift Kris Jenner recently had done is equally considered plastic surgery as an everyday person removing an extra finger they were born with. TheseRead MoreEssay about American Teenagers and Plastic Surgery1189 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Teenagers and Plastic Surgery Plastic surgery is not a new field of medicine. Traditionally, plastic surgery dealt with fixing abnormalities of the body, but recently people are enjoying the luxury of plastic surgery simply because they are not happy with their appearance. People make appointments with plastic surgeons for procedures such as rhinoplasty, liposuction, tummy tucks, face lifts, and most commonly breast augmentation. These people look forward to desired results fromRead MoreEffects Of Technology On Plastic Surgery1281 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology on Plastic Surgery Ludwig Wittgenstein ,a british philosopher,once said, â€Å"The human body is the best picture of the human soul.† Though this may be untrue, or widely disagreed with, it shows that people are judged by their appearance. But what if someone is born unattractive, should they stay that way for their entire life? If there is a cure to disfigurement, does that mean people should ignore it just because it’s frowned upon? According to the world book encyclopedia,â€Å"Plastic surgery is aRead MorePros And Cons Of Plastic Surgery Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesPlastic surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the correction or restoration of form and function of a body part. There are a lot of arguments concerning plastic surgery. Some people even argued that it should be banned. However, the fact that plastic surgery is still legally practiced globally points out that the advantages significantly outweigh the disadvantages. Plastic surgery should not be banned due to th e following reasons. Firstly, plastic surgery is needed for medical purposes. Secondly

Ernest Hemingway And Frederick Henry - 1754 Words

Ernest Hemingway and Frederick Henry: Author and Fictional Character, Alike yet Different It can be said that all fiction is autobiographical in that no matter how different from the author’s life experience it may be, marks of their life can be found in any of their works and characters. One such example is Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, which is largely based on Hemingway’s own personal life experiences. Frederick Henry, the main character in the story, experiences many of the same situations that Hemingway lived out in his own life. Some of events and situations are exact, while others are less similar, and some have a completely different outcome all together. Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois. After graduating high school in 1917, Hemingway worked as a reporter for the Kansas City Star. A year later, in 1918, Hemingway served as an ambulance driver for the Red Cross in the Italian infantry during World War I and was wounded just before his 19th birthday. After being wounded, the injuries he sustained lande d him in a hospital in Milan. There in the hospital, Hemingway met an older nurse named Agnes von Kurowky whom he quickly fell in love with. Consequently, this is where the similarities between Ernest Hemingway and Frederick Henry begin. (â€Å"Ernest Hemingway.† Bio†¦) A Farewell to Arms is the story of Frederick Henry; an American who is a Red Cross ambulance driver for the Italian Army during World War I. We quickly surmiseShow MoreRelated A Farewell To Arms Essays505 Words   |  3 Pages Ernest Hemingway’s classic novel, A Farewell to Arms, is one of the greatest love and war stories of all time. The success and authenticity of this tale is a direct result of Hemingway’s World War I involvement. The main character, Frederick Henry, encounters many of the same things as did Hemingway and creates a parallel between the author and character. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ernest Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois, July21, 1899. He was a very handsome, athletic, adventurous youngRead MoreA Farewell to Arms: Love Story1181 Words   |  5 PagesA Farewell to Arms, by Ernest Hemingway, is somewhat of a Romeo and Juliet love story, with a tragic ending. In this novel, Romeo is Frederick Henry and Juliet is Catherine Barkley. Their love affair must survive the everything that is around them during World War I. The setting of this novel is war-torn Italy. The love between Catherine and Frederick must outlast long separations, life-threatening war situations, and the uncertainty of each others whereabouts or condition. This is a loveRead More heroarms The Code Hero in A Farewell to Arms Essay1021 Words   |  5 Pages The Hemingway Code Hero innbsp;nbsp;A Farewell to Arms Ernest Hemingway is a renowned American author of the Twentieth century who centers his novels around personal experiences and affections.nbsp; He is one of the authors named The Lost Generation. He could not cope with post-war America, and therefore he introduced a new type of character in writing called the code hero.nbsp; Hemingway is known to focus his novels around code heroes who struggle with the mixture of their tragic faultsRead MoreErnest Hemingway s The Lost Generation885 Words   |  4 PagesErnest Hemingway was a famous modernist writer during the 20th century. Hemingway was part of what was known as â€Å"The Lost Generation† this name arose post-World War 1. The modernist movement was a drastic change in numerous things such as art and literature. Ernest contributed much to this movement with his literary works. World War 1 played a major role in not only modernism, but also Hemingway’s writing. Ernest Miller Hemingway was a modernist writer who took his experiences from World War 1 andRead More deatharms Accepting Death in Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms694 Words   |  3 PagesTo Arms is Ernest Hemingways poignant yet simple tale of two young lovers who meet during the chaos of W.W.I and the relationship that endures until its tragic end. Frederick Henry, an American lieutenant in the Italian army, and Catherine Barkley, an English volunteer nurse, share a devout love for one another that deepens as Catherine becomes pregnant, yet their blissful relationship becomes tragically shortened as the baby and Catherine die as a result of the birth, leaving Frederick alone to acceptRead MoreErnest Hemingway Essay2077 Words   |  9 Pages Ernest Hemingway pulled from his past present experiences to develop his own thoughts concerning death, relationships, and lies. He then mixed these ideas, along with a familiar setting, to create a masterpiece. One such masterpiece written early in Hemingways career is the short story, quot;Ind ian Camp.quot; quot;Indian Campquot; was originally published in the collection of quot;in Our Timequot; in 1925. A brief summary reveals that the main character, a teenager by the name of Nick, travelsRead MoreAnalysis Of Ernest Hemingways Farewell To Arms1682 Words   |  7 PagesSetting: In the book â€Å"Farewell to Arms† written by Ernest Hemingway there is a passage that describes the setting of the book which takes place during World War I. â€Å"Sometimes in the dark we heard the troops marching under the window and guns going past pulled by motor-tractors† (Hemingway, Page 1-2). This quote is taken right at the beginning of the book. This quote along with most of the first chapter is describing the scene to us in beautiful detail. The book characterizes the setting as peacefulRead More Love and Agony in A Farewell to Arms Essay935 Words   |  4 Pagesmeets a radiant young nurse tending the blessed wounded he saved. They fall in love, get married, produce beautiful war babies, and everyone returns home happily. Wouldnt it be just lovely if war were really like that?    Its not. Its war. Ernest Hemingways, A Farewell to Arms is a book about war. As a reader, when I start reading a book about death, blood, guts, and destruction, I typically will not expect a Cinderella Happily Ever After, aw, isnt that sweet? ending. But, isnt it aRead MoreA Farewell Of Arms By Ernest Hemingway Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesA Farewell to Arms is one of Ernest Hemingway’s most admirable novels. It has received millions of positive and negative criticisms. It is also the most regarded American literary exemplary. The story is told from first person perspective. The perspective Frederic an American ambulance driver in the Italian army during War. He falls in love with an English nurse, Catherine, and he experiences the pain and loss in war and in life. Even though it is one of the most revered books in American literatureRead MoreEssay about Ernest Hemingway1399 Words   |  6 Pages Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway based his writing on real life experiences concerning death, relationships, and lies. He then mixed these ideas, along with a familiar setting, to create a masterpiece. Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in Oak Park Illinois. One of Hemmingway’s first works was Indian Camp published in 1925. In many ways Indian Camp shows the relationship between Hemingway and his father. Hemingway then digs deeper into the past to create the love between Frederick Henry and Catherine

Marketing Research of DA Garden-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Provide a research proposal for DA Garden. Answer: Introduction The main purpose of the study is to provide a research proposal for DA Garden a supplier, who is currently facing issues due to shortage of sale of their products in the market. The recent financial analysis of the company suggests that the sales rate have declined significantly within the past few years. Hence it is important for the organisation to conduct a market research in order to analyse the current situation and also suggest better ways to improve upon the sales of their products. Market Research and its importance According to Sarstedt Mooi (2014), the main purpose of the market research for any business organisation is to gather information about the customers and also understand their needs depending upon various internal and external conditions. It can be said in the context that with detailed information it is possible for any business organisation to prepare better market strategy for the customer groups. In the context of BA Garden suppliers, it is important to mention that in spite of their location of business, the organisation is currently suffering from lack of growth in the sales figure. With the introduction of new form of business in cafeteria, the overall profit of the organisation has dropped significantly over the past few years. In spite of the fact that the gross revenue has been acceptable, it is important for the business owners to identify the exact reason for the current situation. With the help of accurate market research it is possible for the organisation to collect relevant information for the exact reason that has caused lower sales rate. The research can also suggest new possibilities and business strategies that can be adopted in order to improve upon the overall profit margin. It is also possible with the help of accurate market research to analyse the financial sales figure. The market research can also provide them information about the competitive environment and also the policies that have been implemented by mother Rival companies (Cechanowicz et al., 2013). It can be said in the context that few of the key aspects of market research can help to identify the exact cause and external threats that are encountered by the company. Research Objective It is important for the DA Garden Suppliers to decide upon the research objective that will help them to fulfil the need of overall marketing research. To analyse the current market of DA Garden Suppliers. To decide upon the future marketing policies that will help the company to improve upon their sales record. To analyse the financial sales record in order to better understand the exact margin of drop of profit. Current Condition of D.A Garden Suppliers The current market research statement of DA Garden suppliers need to include the recent achievements accomplished by the organisation in the past. This will help them to decide upon the future marketing policies that can be obtained with the help of business research. Over the past several years the business performance of DA Garden Suppliers has been satisfying to the customers. The location of the nursery has also helped to improve upon the business performance. The business owners have also been able to establish a good relationship with most of the customers. The well planning of staff recruitment has also help the company to maintain a steady organisational performance. In recent years the company has introduced a new form of business in the form of cafeteria, which offers the customers various types of food and beverages. However in spite of the expansion in the business, the sales figure of the company has dropped significantly in the past few years. In spite of the rise of sales in the cafeteria business, the other products of the company have witnessed fall in the sales margin that includes the nursery sales and garden suppliers. The Landscaping project of the company has also not able to maintain the profit margin. With the help of the f inancial statement and the profit earned, it is important for the company to decide upon their overall research planning and also various stages that will help them to collect information for marketing research. The project planning step is one of the primary elements of all type of marketing research. However, at the initial stage it is important to get proper approval from the authorised department in order to conduct deep marketing research (Nunan Di Domenico, 2013). It is important for the company to hire market specialist in order to conduct the research and also consult marketing experts, which will help them to gain idea about the project that needs to be accomplished in order to improve upon their current business scenario. These parameters are important in the context that the overall scope and information that are gathered from the marketing research depends upon the overall project planning and also the approval from the authorised group that are obtained. Hence, the overall scope of the research work depends upon the physical and human resources that has been used by DA Garden Suppliers in order to conduct the overall research. The overall market research will focus upon the external business environment and also collect information from the location of the business. The location will include collection of information from all nursery and garden suppliers located in the highway of DA Garden Suppliers. Quantitative research methodology needs to be applied within the time frame of 7 weeks, which will give the investigators proper time to collect the necessary information needed to analyse the current business scenario of DA Garden Suppliers (McQuarrie, 2015). The researcher will also focus upon primary form of Data Collection from the market in order to ensure that they are relevant in context of the business scenario of the nursery. Proper method of statistical data analysis needs to be deployed after the data collection process is over. At the final stage, it is important to prepare all the formal documents that can help the business owners of DA Garden Suppliers to prepare future marketing policies to improve upon their sales record. References Cechanowicz, J., Gutwin, C., Brownell, B., Goodfellow, L. (2013). Effects of gamification on participation and data quality in a real-world market research domain. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Gameful Design, Research, and Applications (pp. 58-65). ACM. McQuarrie, E. F. (2015). The market research toolbox: a concise guide for beginners. Sage Publications. Nunan, D., Di Domenico, M. (2013). Market research the ethics of big data. International Journal of Market Research, 55(4), 505-520. Sarstedt, M., Mooi, E. (2014). A concise guide to market research. The Process, Data, and.

Where to Begin When Writing an Effective Literary Analysis Essay

Unlike reading for pleasure, a literary analysis essay requires you to study the text and examine the literary approaches used. It deals with analyzing all the sections of a literary work. Generally, your essay should examine and determine the main characters and ideas, identify the literary style used in writing, the genre of the text, and the analysis of the topic. A literary essay can be quite demanding but having the right resources and knowhow will guarantee a pleasant writing process. What is the Purpose of a Literary Analysis Essay? Knowing the relevance of a literary essay will aid you in the writing process. There are various reasons why a literary essay is important; It does not only involve reading the text, but it teaches the students the basic skills of analyzing and illustrating a text. The objective is to enable the student to understand the deeper meaning of a literary text, and how the work is similar to our daily lives. A literary analysis essay seeks to explain the text from specific points of view. A literary analysis essay example of Julius Ceasar will view the text from the psychological, historical, and philosophical aspects. This strengthens the students ability to think creatively and logically. Through analysis of a literary work, you get to understand a point or a scene in the text that is often misunderstood by others. Make an Order The Structure of a Literary Analysis Essay The first thing you need to know before even reading the text is how to write a literary analysis essay. Organizing your work in the correct format is an important step in your writing process. The structure will give you a blueprint of the essay. A literary essay is divided into 3 unique parts. The Introduction This contains the central points, thesis statement, and a brief explanation of the information to be expected in the essay. Catch your readers attention by starting with a quote from the literary work that will support your explanation. Quotes by the author that relate to your essay can also be used. The quote is usually the first sentence of the introduction and should be placed in quotation marks. The sentence that follows identifies the speaker and the conditions surrounding the quotation as well as explaining how this quotation is related to your essay. Keep the introduction brief by illustrating the meaning of the topic and explain its importance to the literary text you are analyzing. The last sentence contains the thesis statement which states accurately the central point of the entire essay The Body The first sentence of a body paragraph is the topic sentence which carries the main idea of that whole paragraph. This enables the student to keep from going off topic. Asking yourself questions like what is the purpose of a literary analysis essay will help you to come up with strong arguments. Each paragraph should have specific examples supporting the main idea. These act as verifiable proof by strengthening the meaning of your topic sentence. The final part of the sentence shows the reader how the material illustrated in the paragraph supports the main objective of the essay. The Conclusion You should begin by restating the thesis statement, which is your argument point. A sample literary analysis essay about Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, the thesis statement might have been that the protagonist had experiences that made him perform certain experiments at some point in the text. Show the reader how you analyzed the text to make your conclusion which relates to your thesis statement. Keep the tone of the conclusion positive and create a sense of completeness. Sample Literary Analysis Essay Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Money with its great ability to enchant and entice has long been the object of mans obsession. It arouses a feeling of anger, lust, greed, contentment, power, and pride. The sense of security that money offers is the same that lead Daisy towards Gatsby. Daisys needs for the feeling of satisfaction, causes her to wed the wealthy Tom Buchanan. Gatsby uses this need to secure a social status, to lure Daisy so as that he can get her money. Although he has nothing, he uses an imaginary fortune to convince her that he belongs to the same class as her. Convinced that Gatsby belongs to a high social class, Daisy opens up to Gatsby and he soon falls in love with her. Upon realizing that Gatsby has lied to her she vanishes into her rich full life (157) To Daisy, wealth is a great quality in a relationship. This means that Gatsby is no longer an option. Tom, on the other hand, is a great source of love and money that can provide her all the luxuries she needs. Therefore, in their marriage, Tom acts as a source of Daisys social status and material possession rather than a husband. She chooses him because of his ability to provide for her is guaranteed and his wealth shows no signs of running out. Later when she finds out that he is seeing anoth er woman, her greatest worry is that her wealthy status will disappear, so she turns to the recently wealthy Gatsby. When Daisy first leaves him, he realizes that the only way to win her is by improving his social status through the acquisition of wealth. According to him, wealth is a stairway that mount[s] to a secret place above the trees (117). The secret place represents the life that only the rich can afford, all the luxuries that only the rich and powerful can get. Through this wealth that he gains by conducting businesses, he hopes that Daisy will love him although she is married to Tom. Because she is aware of her husbands disloyalty, she sees Gatsby as a safer option of social stability. Make an Order Through his new found wealth, Gatsby views Daisy in a different light. She ceases to be a person to be love and becomes an object to be won. He realizes that he has committed to following a grail (156) since she lost her husband. Gatsby realizes that Daisys wealth can guarantee him social security without realizing this is the same thing that she seeks. He is so caught up dreaming about her wealth to the point where he only sees her that way to him, her voice is full of money (127) In his mind, she is one with her possessions and the person of Daisy ceases to exist. He dreams of a luxurious life with her and it seems so close that [he] can hardly fail to grasp it (189) He does not realize that all this is behind him. He does not see that with the Daisy he loved dead to him; he cannot fulfill his goal. Without realizing that his efforts will end in failure, he continues to pursue her. With the use of his wealth, he tries to revive their former relationship. He goes out of his way to fix everything the way it was (117) His wealth creates an illusion that there is no way his dreams will be interrupted. This encourages him to continue pursuing Daisy however, he fails to see that certain characteristics of their relationship have changed for example, he no longer sees her as the person he fell in love with but rather as an object that will bring social stability to him. His devotion to recreate his past blinds him to the present events which he pays a high price for living too long with a single dream (169) Through his constant pursuit of Daisy and the social status she would offer condemns Gatsby to an early death. When he finds it difficult to change his life his existence loses meaning. Tom and Daisys marriage cause peoples untimely demise but they choose to go back to their money and let other people clean up their mess (188) Not wanting to be held accountable for Gatsbys death, they decide to isolate themselves from society once again turning to their money for protection and security. Daisys disregard for Gatsby after his death shows that her only interest was money and social stability. When the wealth is no longer available, her desire for Gatsby diminishes. Gatsbys relationship with Daisy shows that wealthy people are the most desirable in our society. These people rarely interact or form relationships outside their social ranks. The rich wish to increase their wealth while the poor seek to improve their social status. When the rich keep to themselves, they continue getting rich, while the poor become poorer. Conclusion Writing a literary analysis essay can be overwhelming; however, by following specific steps and heeding the instructions given in class will simplify this process. Reading essays by successful writers will also give you insights on the different approaches of analyzing a text. For more guidance on how to write a literary analysis essay, feel free to get in touch with us for personal help.

How to Get Your CDL in West Virginia and Wisconsin

How to Get Your CDL in West Virginia and Wisconsin This article is useful for anyone who wants to get a CDL in West Virginia or Wisconsin. If you want to learn about earning a CDL at other states, we have put together a comprehensive guide on how to get a commercial driver’s license in every state of the country. West VirginiaYou need a CDL if you are going to drive:Any vehicle combination with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 26,001+ pounds, as long as the GVWR of the towed vehicle(s) is over 10,000 pounds. (Class A)A single vehicle with a GVRW of 26,001+ pounds; or  this vehicle towing another that is less than 10,000 pounds. (Class B)A vehicle with a weight rating of less than 26,001 pounds,  or such a vehicle towing another that is less than 10,000 pounds:  Vehicles that are designed for 16 passengers or more, including the driver, and  Vehicles used to transport hazardous materials.  (Class C)In order to obtain a CDL:You must be at least 18 years old and have 2 years of driving experience.You must  meet specific physical qualification standards and carry a medical certificate to show evidence of such qualification.If you are unable to become medically certified, you may be eligible for a medical waiver.The ExamsAll applicants must take either a written or oral knowledge test and pass  and answer at least 80% of the questions correctly.  You must test for the desired endorsements you have listed on the test card at the time you test for general knowledge, but you may get a test card for other endorsements at a later date if you wish to add them.If you fail the knowledge exam, you may not retest for 7 days. You may try to pass the exam three times on the original fees.After you pass the written exams, you will receive a commercial driver’s instruction permit. Only after you have your learner’s permit can you then take your road (skills) tests.After you pass your road tests, you can then receive your CDL.WisconsinIf you are going to drive any of the following vehicl es, you must obtain a CDL:Vehicles that weigh 26,000+ pounds, determined by the highest of the following:manufacturer’s gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR)manufacturer’s gross combination weight rating (GCWR) when the towed unit has a GVWR, registered weight, or gross weight of  10,000+ poundsactual weightregistered weightA vehicle carrying hazardous materials that require placarding under federal lawA vehicle designed or used to carry 16+ people, including the driverThe ExamsFirst, you must take and pass the appropriate knowledge test(s) for the vehicle you plan to drive.CDL knowledge tests are free, and take take at least 1 to 1.5 hours to complete. You must answer  80%+ questions correctly to pass.  You must present a valid Class D license at the time of testing.After you pass the knowledge exam, you can obtain your  Commercial Driver Learner permit (CLP).  Your CLP will be valid for 180 days. You can use a  CLP to practice driving with a qualified instru ctor or CDL driver  who has  a valid license at or above the level of your permit.You must hold a CLP  for 14 days prior to taking your road test(s).After you schedule and pass the pre-trip, backing test and skills test(s) with an approved third party tester, you can receive your CDL.

Catalase Lab Report

Catalase Lab Report IntroductionCatalase is an enzyme that speeds up organic reactions. (Starr Taggart, 2004, pg. 107). It is important because it promotes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 (Starr Taggart, pg. 107). Hydrogen peroxide is a byproduct of cell metabolism that is toxic to cells. (Starr Taggart, 2004, pg. 96-97) This reaction can be written as: 2H2O2 2H2O + 02 (Starr Taggart, pg. 96). Oxygen gas (02) is a product of this reaction. The rate of oxygen production will help indicate the speed of the reaction. The purpose of this experiment is to find out how temperature, pH, and concentration affect the rate of oxygen production. The experimental hypotheses are: as the catalase concentration increases, the rate of oxygen production will increase, as temperature increases, the rate of oxygen production will increase, and as the pH increases, the rate of oxygen production will increase. Therefore, the null hypotheses are: the change in the temperature, concentration, or pH will not h ave a statistically significant effect on the rate of oxygen production from the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase.Hydrogen peroxideIn this experiment, the independent variables are the concentration of catalase, the temperature, and the pH of the reaction. The levels of concentration are 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Five trials were conducted for 25% and 50% concentrations and four trials were done for 75% concentration. The control level, 100% was conducted eighteen times. The levels of temperature are 10o, 22o, and 37o centigrade. Four trials were conducted for 10 and 37 degrease centigrade. The control level, 22o, was conducted eighteen times. The levels of pH are 4, 7 and 10. Four trials were conducted for 4 and 10 pH. The control level, pH 7, was conducted eighteen times.The dependent variable is the rate of oxygen production measured...

Film assingnment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film assingnment - Assignment Example One of the most famous scenes in the film is the scene where Hoffman jumps into the swimming pool and sinks to the bottom. This is an extraordinary mise-en-scene which captures the heart of the movie, the story, and the character’s place in the world. The scene begins with Hoffman’s father building up suspense and talking to a group of friends gathered by a swimming pool in a suburban neighbourhood. The colours are bright, but generally pastels. Hoffman enters wearing a diving suit. Nothing can be heard of the people around him. Their mouths move, but he is unable to hear them. The mask and suit are isolating, separating him from others around him. He is alone and tired of the people he knows, people who are alien to him. His vision is also circumscribed by the mask which cuts off his peripheral vision. Clearly, the director wants the viewer to have the sensation that Hoffman is limited and separated from the world around him. He doesn’t belong and doesn’t yet understand his place in this world. The next part of the scene is where Hoffman falls in the water and is looking up at the world through the water of the swimming pool. He looks at his father through the mask. His father’s hand keeps reaching out, pushing him back into the water. Clearly, the father thinks this is all in good fun, but we get the sense that Hoffman is not enjoying this moment. The camera then pans out on Hoffman in his divers suit standing on the bottom of the pool. His suit is of no real purpose. He is not diving or hunting, he is just standing, doing nothing, while above his friends and family chatter on. The camera pans further out until Hoffman disappears in the murk of the suburban swimming pool. It is a brilliantly accomplished conclusion to one of the most famous scenes in American cinema. Throughout the scene, sound is very important. For example, Hoffman cannot hear anything except the sound of his own breathing. The voices of those around him a re silent, even though he can see they are talking. It is a lonesome perspective and one that is carefully achieved by the director. He is trapped in his head, trapped in his body, with no way of expressing himself to the outside world. Many of the themes of this film have been discussed at length over the numerous decades since it the Graduate was made. One of the most significant is clearly the generation gap. The 1960s marked a change in the demographics of America. The Baby Boomers, born after the Second World War, were finally coming into their own. These young men and women had very different ideas than many of their parents did. They were not shy about expressing these ideas, but they were often ridiculed and had trouble finding their place in the world. This is seen in how Hoffman, or Ben, has trouble relating to his parents, and in the desperate relationship he begins with Mrs. Robinson, played by the estimable Anne Bancroft. The corruption and boredom of suburban life are also important elements that are in play throughout the film. Deracination is very much a theme in the film. Mrs. Robinson, as much as Benjamin, appears to be isolated and unloved. She too has trouble understanding the world around her. She may seem less questioning and more confident than Benjamin but she too is a product of the post-war world and is very unhappy in it. The Graduate is a film for all seasons and repeated viewing brings out more and more elements worthy of discussion. However, the key scene is at the swimming pool as Benjamin in full, useless diving

Anti-war comparing essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anti-war comparing - Essay Example â€Å"In the novels Vonnegut published leading up to Slaughterhouse Five, which also included such works as Mother Night, Cats Cradle and God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater, themes emerged that would find their full flowering with Slaughterhouse Five.† (Boomhower). It is important to understand that Vonnegut’s most famous work has been Slaughterhouse Five is which fictionally recreates his experience in Dresden. â€Å"Even though Slaughterhouse Five was Vonnegut’s only novel to re-create his experience in Dresden, a strong anti-war theme can be found in his earlier literature as well. A fine example of one of his works that fits this description is Mother Night.† (Kurt Vonneguts Mother Night). The theme of war and the expressed dislike for it can be evidently found in both the novels. However, it is obvious that the anti-war concern of the novelist becomes more focused and complete in the Slaughterhouse-Five which is the result of more improved thought than Moth er Night. It is through the working of the paradoxical concepts of war and love that the novelist expresses his preference for anti-war concerns in Slaughterhouse-Five. The foremost theme of the novel is war and its contrast with love, beauty, humanity, innocence etc and the novelist expresses his love for anti-war concerns. â€Å"Slaughterhouse-Five, like Vonneguts previous books, manages to tell us that war is bad for us and that it would be better for us to love one another. To find the war’s contrast with love is quite difficult†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Vit). The concern for anti-war has been evident in Mother Night though not completely rounded as in this novel. Slaughterhouse-Five is a novel clearly suggesting the author’s interest in anti-war campaigns and the autobiographical nature, the characterization, and the themes and structure of the novel confirms this claim. â€Å"Kurt Vonnegut was inspired by war to write Slaughterhouse-Five, which is a unique book referred to

Students Overcoming The Odds Essay Example for Free

Students Overcoming The Odds Essay Needs Assessment and Program Planning A comprehensive study found that students from low-income backgrounds often score low in college entrance exams.   A solution has been introduced called, Students Overcoming The Odds or SOTO.   This program is designed to tutor low-income students toward greater success in the SAT/ACT entrance exams while potentially providing greater opportunity for obtaining scholarships.   The program will be conducted through the recruitment of volunteers to tutor these students to greater success. Job Development and Design   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Permission has been attained to conduct tutoring sessions at local libraries.    The cost for use of these spaces is none.   Local civic leagues have agreed to donate SAT/ACT booklets to students at no cost.   A similar organization has agreed to pay the cost for these students to take the necessary exams.  Ã‚  Ã‚   There should be no more than 5 students during a tutoring session.   Each tutor shall choose a section of the exam they feel most confident in teaching.   In this way students can be introduced to different instructional designs and methods. Recruitment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One means of recruitment is through local universities, either with active or retired professors.   These professionals having dedicated their careers to higher education would be ideal candidates for tutoring sessions.   Another means of recruitment is through the community itself.   Unquestionably, education is key in individuals building a better life for themselves and thus returning knowledge to the community. Interviewing and Matching   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Without question background checks will be conducted.   The expertise of the volunteers, will be placed in their area of strength to tutor students.   A teaching background in routine classroom environments is strongly desired and encouraged. Orientation and Training   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Diversity will be a focus during orientation.   This idea will be furthered during training.   Sensitivity to the students backgrounds will be emphasized.   If necessary, as the ACT/SAT tests change, refresher courses will be provided. Supervision and Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Volunteers should know their role clearly, which is to guide these students toward success.   Supervision and management are to guide and encourage volunteers to the best of their ability.   A key to managing volunteers is reminding them of their sheer necessity to the program, without volunteers there would be no program. Recognition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A kind word of encouragement is always welcome to volunteers and staff alike.   A suggestion would be recognizing a volunteer from each division on, at the least, a quarterly basis.   This can be done through a special thank you during a planning meeting.   As the program grows and success is realized larger rewards, such as gift certificates could be awarded.   Costs have been kept to an absolute minimum at this time and a budget for rewards needs to be integrated into the program. Evaluation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Success of the students is likely the most valuable evaluation tool.   Another means to this could be peer evaluations as tutors instruct their students.   This method of evaluation is routine in most, if not every university. Liability/Risk Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parents must sign a contract not holding SOTO liable for the failure of an exam.   Express permission should be given as to the beginning and end of tutor sessions, as well as location.   Should the student be over the age of 18, the student shall sign the same clause. Role of Staff   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The role of staff should be one of guidance and encouragement.   Volunteers do not have to make the sacrifices they do.   Staff should always be aware that among their most valuable assets are volunteers, the very people themselves that make up and support the program. References: Babbie, Earl. (2006). The Practice of Social Research.   Belmont, CA:   Thomson-Wadsworth.

Impact of Fire on the Geology of Soils Essay -- Wildfires and Soil Geo

Fires are an important and healthy process in many ecosystems. The lack of fires can cause new plant communities to invade an area . The regular occurrence of fires can keep one plant community dominate, like oak savannas. Fires can leave burnt sticks the size of trees and clumps of charcoal where bunch grass use to grow, but not for long. An area that was burned will re-grow, grasslands will be green the next growing season and forests will typically show new growth soon after. Somewhere in the process of a fire the soil it travels over is effected. Alterations happen immediately after a fire passes over a soil and can continue years after a fire has gone. Soils are impacted in two main ways; by the entering of nutrients form the brunt organic matter (living vegetation and by the litter on the surface of the soil) and the heating of the soil and the nutrients already present in the soil. The greater the duration and intensity of the fire will influence the amount of alteration of th e soil. A prescribed burn is usually less intense than a wildfire. Prescribed burns are put on when conditions are right, meaning that the area is not too dry or too large. Wildfires on the other hand can start at any time and burn vast areas and last for days out of control. One reason wildfires usually are more intense than prescribed burns is because of the fire suppression that lasted most of this century allowed large amounts of fuel to pile up waiting to be burned. Vegetation in these areas will grow back regardless, but it is the soils that have a harder time recovering from the intense heat. One other difference to consider when looking at the types of fires, is a forest fire verses a grassland fire. Forest fires usually last longer and h... ... A., 1989, Effect of simulated forest fire on the availability of N and P in Mediterranean soils: Plant Soil. v. 120, p. 57-63. Mroz, G. D., Jurgensen, M. F., Harvey, A. E., and Larsen, M. J., 1980, Effects of fire on nitrogen in forest floor horizons: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 44, p. 395-400. Prieto-Fernandez, A., Villar, M. C., Carballas, M. and Carballas, T., 1993, Short-term effects of a wildfire on the nitrogen status and its mineralization kinetics in an Atlantic forest soil: Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 25, p. 1657-1664. Ulery, A. L. and Graham, R. C., 1993, Forest fire effects on soil color and texture: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 57, p. 135-140. Ulery, A. L., Graham, R.C. and Bowen, L. H., 1996, Forest fire effects on phyllosilicates in California: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 60, p. 309-315.

Drunk Driving laws in New York Essay

New York’s drunken driving laws, which seem to be adequate on paper, but did not have sufficient focus and cohesiveness to provide a substantial measure of anticipation. The combination of flimsy use of breath test laws, tolerant plea bargaining, grossly insufficient penalties and be short of commitment by the criminal justice system combined to lower New York’s effort for the tragic consequences of the drinking driver. As we know all the states have elaborated system of drunken driving laws, courts, enforcement, and punishment, but unfortunately these systems do not work properly. Arrest rates are considerably low and complex laws allow some offenders to escape any punishment. Other offenders can avoid a drunken driving conviction through an appeal haggle. Sentence requirements are not completed and permits are also not applied always. But unfortunately, these problems are not well known because state does not have good record systems. Drunk drivers have little fear of being stopped, convicted, arrested, and punished so they carry on drinking and driving. On Drunk Driving, the Senate Special Task Force came to know that New York’s laws did not provide strong fines for drunken driving offenders. And it also found that: The experience of other states where ruthless penalties have been tried such as obligatory jail for all convicted drunken driving offenders has revealed that these penalties have had a momentary effect at best. Where ruthless penalties have been susceptible, they should not been applied. Obligatory jail and so called â€Å"hard† license deferments, which outlawed offenders from holding controlled use licenses, provided an escape means for most drunk drivers, because public officials have recognized that efforts to impose harsh sanctions could decrease the possibility that drunk drivers would actually be convicted. Instead, New York stirred away from a scheme that focused on penalties to one that emphasized higher levels of enforcement and tribunal that were coupled with workable penalties and a public information and education crusade. Drunk driving in New York has decreased significantly for the past two decades. As the figures below show, most of the progress ended by about 1994. In 2000, drunken driving deaths increased for the first time since 1995. Traffic victims involving alcohol rose by 4%, from 15,976 in 1999 to 16,653 in 2000. The number of drunk drivers in fatal crashes rose by 6%, from 9,818 in 1999 to 10,408 in 2000. Drunken driving control strategies: Good laws, active enforcement, and effective punishment- Good laws that are strongly supported and enforced with meaningful penalties decrease drunk driving. Three other strategies support this policy. Public education updates drivers, especially young drivers, about alcohol and drunken driving subjects. Alcohol dealing is important for problem drinkers. Alcohol control measures such as minimum legal drinking ages and alcohol server training help diminish drinking in situations that may lead to drunk driving. With tough laws, enforcement, and punishment at the center, these strategies support and endorse a community standard that drunk driving is not tolerable. A strong system that affects everyone- Drunken driving laws and enforcement should send a message: drunk driving is not tolerable. A strong drunk driving control structure increases both the public sensitivity and the truth that drunk drivers will be often detected, arrested, convicted, and punished. The STOP-DWI Program:- STOP-DWI means â€Å"Special Traffic Options Program for Driving While Intoxicated†. It was invented by the State Legislature in 1981 for the reasons of authorizing counties to coordinate local efforts to decrease alcohol and other drug-related traffic crashes within the milieu of an inclusive and financially self-sustaining statewide highway safety program. The STOP-DWI legislation allows each of the State’s 62 counties to launch a county STOP-DWI Program which will qualify the county for the return of all penalties collected for alcohol and other drug-related traffic offenses occurring within its authority. Each county is given broad judgment in the direction of its program. The local option concept set forward by the Legislature just requires that the programs address alcohol and highway safety questions and be non-duplicative of related enduring labors. The strategy includes several serious elements: †¢ Punish all offenders with unswerving and convinced sanctions and increase the severity for second and subsequent offenses. †¢ Evaluate all offenders for alcohol problems and assign healing as appropriate. †¢ Control offenders so that assigned sanctions, healing, and other court-ordered Requirements are completed suitably. †¢ Maintain good records so repeat offenders are identified precisely and apply more penalties on them. †¢ Establish performance measures for state drunk driving enforcement and negotiation. †¢ Establish schemes by which states can support each other in assessing their drunken driving laws or court procedures. †¢ Establish a clearinghouse for standards and enhancements in state records systems. â€Å"Rhode Island has the deplorable distinction of being ranked first in the nation in the percentage of highway fatalities related to alcohol. † In the past year, Rhode Islanders have been bombarded with anecdotes and statistics about the unusually solemn nature of drunk driving in the state as compared to other states. We are also notified about â€Å"loopholes† in the state’s drunken driving laws that permit drunk drivers to getaway punishment, or at least to be treated much more mildly than in other states. These stories inevitably prompt concerned statements from local officials, and fresh calls for tough legislation to address the problem. Among the most important are proposals to criminalize sanctions for breathalyzer refusals, to authorize roadblocks for random alcohol checks, and to allow police to obtain warrants to compulsorily haul out bodily fluids from alleged drivers for chemical testing. Rhode Island’s below-average alcohol fatality records are not now a recent happenstance. That study shows that Rhode Island’s overall fatality rate was lower than the national average every year between 1982 and 2002, and – even more to the point – its alcohol-related fatality rate surpassed the national common only once during those two decades.

Optimism in The Grapes of Wrath Essay

At the end of the novel The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck, it seems as though the Joads have nothing left to live for, however Steinbeck shows signs of optimism through symbols and biblical allusions. The Joads have gone through tremendous hardships throughout their entire trip to California to find work. They have lost several family members, have gone without work and lived on extremely low rations for months. At the height of their struggles, the Joads are without food, shelter, and their strongest member Tom Joad. The daughter, Rose of Sharon also delivers a stillborn baby. Steinbeck does however end the story with symbols of hope. The rain, which is constantly pouring down, is a symbol of renewal. The rain represents the coming of spring and plants. The rain has made A[t]iny points of grass came through the earth@ and Athe hills were pale green with the beginning year@(592), enabling for new crops to grow and for families to find work. Rose of Sharon=s stillborn baby is also a symbol of optimism. Uncle John is told to bury the baby after it is delivered. Instead Uncle John decides to float the baby down a river in its coffin. Through this action, Steinbeck alludes to Moses, who was also sent down a river as a baby, and later freed his people from slavery and brought them to Isreal. As Uncle John puts the stillborn baby into the river, he tells it to AGo down an= tell =em. Go down in the street an= rot an= tell =em that way@(609). Uncle John is telling the baby to show the rich landowners what their greediness has done. Uncle John sends the baby down as a symbol of the great suffering the have-nots have been through, saying, Amaybe they=ll know then@(609). The last  symbol of optimism comes when Rose of Sharon nurses a dying man. The man has been deprived of food for six days and is not able to digest solid foods. Rose of Sharon, after just delivering a stillborn baby, understands the situation and lets the man drink her milk. This action shows the tremendous growth Rose of Sharon has gone through as a person and ends the novel with optimistic gestures of generosity and unselfishness.

The History and Domestication of Cassava

The History and Domestication of Cassava Cassava (Manihot esculenta), also known as manioc, tapioca, yuca, and mandioca, is a domesticated species of tuber, a root crop originally domesticated perhaps as long ago as 8,000–10,000 years ago, in southern Brazil and eastern Bolivia along the southwestern border of the Amazon basin. Cassava is today a primary calorie source in tropical regions around the world, and the sixth most important crop plant worldwide. Fast Facts: Cassava Domestication Cassava, commonly called manioc or tapioca, is a domesticated species of tuber, and the sixth most important food crop in the world.  It was domesticated in the southwestern Amazon of Brazil and Bolivia some 8,000-10,000 years ago.  Domesticate improvements include traits which must have been added by means of clonal propagation.  Burned tubers of manioc were discovered at the classic Maya site of Ceren, dated to 600 CE.   Cassava Progenitors The progenitor of cassava (M. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia) exists today and is adapted to forest and savanna ecotones. The process of domestication improved the size and production level of its tubers, and increased the photosynthesis rate and seed functionality, by using repeated cycles of clonal propagation- wild manioc cannot be reproduced by stem cuttings. Archaeological macro-botanical evidence of cassava in the little-investigated Amazon basin has not been identified, partly because root crops do not preserve well. Identification of the Amazon as the point of origin was based on genetic studies of cultivated cassava and all various possible progenitors, and the Amazonian M. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia was determined to be the wild form of todays cassava plant. Amazon Evidence: The Teotonio Site The oldest archaeological evidence for manioc domestication is from starches and pollen grains from sites outside the Amazon.  In 2018, archaeologist Jennifer Watling and colleagues reported the presence of manioc phytoliths attached to stone tools at the southwestern Amazon Teotonio site in Brazil very near the Bolivian border. The phytoliths were found in a level of dark earth (terra preta) dated to 6,000 calendar years ago (cal BP), 3,500 years older than any terra preta anywhere else in the Amazon to date. The manioc at Teotonio was found alongside domesticated squash (Cucurbita sp), beans (Phaseolus), and guava (Psidium), indicating that the inhabitants were early horticulturalists in what is becoming recognized as an Amazonian center of domestication. Cassava Species Around the World Cassava (Manihot esculenta), root and ground for dinner.   Rodrigo Ruiz Ciancia / Moment / Getty Images Cassava starches have been identified in north-central Colombia by approximately 7,500 years ago, and in Panama at Aguadulce Shelter, about 6,900 years ago. Pollen grains from cultivated cassava have been found in archaeological sites in Belize and Mexicos Gulf coast by 5,800–4,500 bp, and in Puerto Rico between 3,300 and 2,900 years ago. Thus, scholars can safely say that the domestication in the Amazon had to happen before 7,500 years ago. There are numerous cassava and manioc species in the world today, and researchers still struggle with their differentiation, but recent research supports the notion that they are all descended from a single domestication event in the Amazon basin. Domestic manioc has larger and more roots and increased tannin content in the leaves. Traditionally, manioc is grown in the field-and-fallow cycles of slash and burn agriculture, where its flowers are pollinated by insects and its seeds dispersed by ants. Manioc and the Maya The Pompeii of North America, Joya de Ceren, was buried in a volcanic eruption in August 595 CE. Ed Nellis Members of the Maya civilization cultivated the root crop and it may have been a staple in some parts of the Maya world. Manioc pollen has been discovered in the Maya region by the late Archaic period, and most of the Maya groups studied in the 20th century were found to cultivate manioc in their fields. The excavations at Ceren, a classic period Maya village that was destroyed (and preserved) by a volcanic eruption, identified manioc plants within the kitchen gardens. Manioc planting beds were discovered some 550 feet (170 meters) away from the village. The manioc beds at Ceren date to approximately 600 CE. They consist of ridged fields, with the tubers planted on the top of the ridges and water allowed to drain and flow through the wales between the ridges (called calles). Archaeologists discovered five manioc tubers in the field which had been missed during harvesting. Stalks of manioc bushes had been cut into 3–5 foot (1–1.5 meter) lengths and buried horizontally in the beds shortly before the eruption: these represent preparation for the next crop. The eruption occurred in August of 595 CE, burying the field in nearly 10 ft (3 m) of volcanic ash. Sources Brown, Cecil H., et al. The Paleobiolinguistics of Domesticated Manioc (Manihot esculenta). Ethnobiology Letters 4 (2013): 61–70. Print.Clement, Charles R., et al. The Domestication of Amazonia before European Conquest. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282.1812 (2015): 20150813. Print.De Matos Viegas, Susana. Pleasures That Differentiate: Transformational Bodies among the Tupinamb of Olivenà §a (Atlantic Coast, Brazil). Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 18.3 (2012): 536–53. Print.Fraser, James, et al. Crop Diversity on Anthropogenic Dark Earths in Central Amazonia. Human Ecology 39.4 (2011): 395–406. Print.Isendahl, Christian. The Domestication and Early Spread of Manioc ( Manihot Esculenta Crantz): A Brief Synthesis. Latin American Antiquity 22.4 (2011): 452–68. Print.Kawa, Nicholas C., Christopher McCarty, and Charles R. Clement. Manioc Varietal Diversity, Social Networks, and Distribution Constraints in Rural Amazoni a. Current Anthropology 54.6 (2013): 764–70. Print. Sheets, Payson, et al. Manioc Cultivation at Ceren, El Salvador: Occasional Kitchen Garden Plant or Staple Crop? Ancient Mesoamerica 22.01 (2011): 1–11. Print.Watling, Jennifer, et al. Direct Archaeological Evidence for Southwestern Amazonia as an Early Plant Domestication and Food Production Centre. PLOS ONE 13.7 (2018): e0199868. Print.

Edward and Sarah Bishop of the Salem Witch Trials

Edward and Sarah Bishop of the Salem Witch Trials Edward Bishop and Sarah Bishop were tavern keepers that were arrested, examined, and imprisoned as part of the Salem witch trials of 1692. At the time, Edward was about 44 years old and Sarah Wildes Bishop was about 41 years old. There were three or four Edward Bishops living in the area at that time. This Edward Bishop seems to be the one who was born on April 23, 1648.  However, Sarah Bishops year of birth is not known. Note: Bishop is sometimes spelled Bushop or Besop in the records. Edward is sometimes identified as Edward Bishop Jr. Sarah Wildes Bishop was the stepdaughter of Sarah Averill Wildes who was named as a witch by Deliverance Hobbs and executed on July 19, 1692. Bridget Bishop is usually credited with running a tavern that was something of a town scandal, but it was more likely Sarah and Edward Bishop who ran it out of their home. The Background of Edward and Sarah Edward Bishop may have been the son of Edward Bishop, the husband of Bridget Bishop. Sarah and Edward Bishop were the  parents of twelve children. At the time of the Salem witch trials, an older Edward Bishop also lived in Salem. He and his wife Hannah signed a petition protesting the accusations against Rebecca Nurse.  This Edward Bishop seems to have been the father of the Edward Bishop married to Bridget Bishop, and thus the grandfather of the Edward Bishop married to Sarah Wildes Bishop. Victims of the Salem Witch Trials Edward Bishop and Sarah Bishop were arrested on April 21 of 1692 with Sarahs stepmother Sarah Wildes, William and Deliverance Hobbs, Nehemiah Abbott Jr., Mary Easty, Mary Black and Mary English. Edward and Sarah Bishop were examined on April 22 by magistrates Jonathan Corwin and John Hathorne, on the same day as Sarah Wildes, Mary Easty, Nehemiah Abbott Jr., William and Deliverance Hobbs, Mary Black, and Mary English. Among those who testified against Sarah Bishop was the Rev. John Hale of Beverly. He outlined accusations from a neighbor of the Bishops that she did entertain people in her house at unseasonable hours in the night to keep drinking and playing at shovel-board whereby discord did arise in other families and young people were in danger to be corrupted. The neighbor, Christian Trask, wife of John Trask, had attempted to reprove Sarah Bishop but received no satisfaction from her about it.  Hale stated that Edward Bishops would have been a house if great profaneness and iniquity if the behavior had not been stopped. Edward and Sarah Bishop were found to have committed witchcraft against Ann Putnam Jr., Mercy Lewis, and Abigail Williams. Elizabeth Balch, wife of Benjamin Balch Jr., and her sister, Abigail Walden, also testified against Sarah Bishop, claiming they heard Edward accuse Elizabeth of entertaining Satan at night. Edward and Sarah were jailed in Salem and then in Boston, and their property was seized. They escaped from the Boston jail for a short time. After the Trials After their trial their son, Samuel Bishop recovered their property. In a 1710 affidavit attempting to gain recompense for the damages theyd suffered and to clear their names, Edward Bishop said they were prisnors for thirtiey seven wekes and required to pay ten shillings pur weeake for our bord plus five pounds. The son of Sarah and Edward Bishop Jr., Edward Bishop III, married Susannah Putnam, part of the family who had leveled many of the accusations of witchcraft in 1692. In 1975 David Greene suggested that the Edward Bishop accused - with his wife Sarah - was not related to Bridget Bishop and her husband, Edward Bishop the sawyer, but was the son of another Edward Bishop in town.

Hazard and vunarability analysis SLP 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hazard and vunarability analysis SLP 2 - Essay Example per event       809.6    3164.9    56250          Total 55 2 4345 1 24319.1 2 3207790.4 1 1.5 Epidemic Bacterial Infectious Diseases 2    1    534    -          ave. per event       0.5    267    -          Viral Infectious Diseases 1    -    2000000    -          ave. per event       -    2000000    -          Total 3 4 0.5 4 2000267 1 _ 4 3.25 Extreme temperature Heat wave 3    138    18300    -          ave. per event       46    6100    -          Total 3 4 46 3 6100 3 _ 4 2.5 Flood Unspecified 31    12814    7015269    268300          ave. per event       413.4    226299    8654.8          Flash flood 1    21    25807    1950000          ave. per event       21    25807    1950000          General flood 12    197    99266    1814000          ave. per event       16.4    8272.2    151166.7          Storm surge/co astal flood 2    34    384143    7440000          ave. per event       17    192072    3720000          total 46 2 467.8 2 452450 2 5829821.5 1 1.75 Mass movement wet Avalanche 1 4 13    -    -          ave. per event       13    -    -          Landslide 20    989    25706    210000          ave. per event       49.5    1285.3    10500          total 21 3 62.5 3 1285.3 3 10500 2 2.75 Storm Unspecified 24    1890    192814    453500          ave. per event       78.8    8033.9    18895.8          Local storm 6    27    100499    363000          ave.

Depiction of women in Deserted Village by Oliver Goldsmith Essay

Depiction of women in Deserted Village by Oliver Goldsmith - Essay Example In this poem, Goldsmith, the persona of this poem is complaining about the deeds of the government who together with the rich people of his village decided to drive away the poor. This was is because they wanted to get rid of the bad image the poor people brought to the village. He, therefore, conducts his argument by making use of an assortment of clear material that supports this argument. This includes scenery, interiors and sharp human portrayal. In his laments, the persona seems to send out the message of equal importance to anyone in the society. This is because the society benefits from the contributions of ever member no matter how much contribution he avails. Therefore, Oliver Goldsmith represents the absolute country life and happiness. He is worried about the disappearance of life that once existed in this once vibrant village. Therefore, all through the life of the speaker, he had been yearning to go back to his village after being evicted so that he could get to spend hi s last years in rest and peace. He had thus dreamt of overpowering his youthful poor friends with the knowledge and the story about the things he has achieved. However, these expectations to come and set home in the beloved village are now in vain, for they have been shattered. For him, life that follows sequestration must take that form of a blissful life. This is because it is only these conditions that will lead to graceful death and make a smooth transition from his people. To pass across this message, he has used a variety of female characters such as the solitary poor widow and the betrayed country girl in the city. In line 29 of the poem, he talks of the bashful virgins whose looks symbolized love that existed in his boyhood years. He depicts this woman as a symbol of love that normally existed during those days when love rocked his life and those of his age mates. This was mostly experienced during the dances that were organized in the village with most of them dancing in pa irs. Therefore, the persona uses the term virgin to symbolize how love used to be pure during those days, and that it formed a significant part of his life (Greenblatt, 54). However, to counter this, the persona uses the matrons as a measure of how love was a guarded value that the matrons that attended the dances kept a close eye on the virgins. This may be because they were everyone’s desire to court. In line 31, he admits that this was the charm of those days that kept their life moving (Greenblatt, 54). However, he is sad that this life is no more in line (34). The persona uses the solitary widow to depict women as pedestals that make the community strong. This is because as he brings in this character it is amidst the absence of all other things that once existed in the village but they are all gone. However, there still stands the solitary widow who continues to carry out her duties as pertains of her even though she has no strength. Another woman used in the poem is th e betrayed country girl in line (332) (Greenblatt, 54). In using this girl, he depicts women as symbols of humility. This is because the persona describes the woman as having stooped to a low position just to make both ends meet. In the village, this woman used to be a respectable person with plenty of food, clothes and the other basic needs. However, due to her sending off from the village, she is homeless and in a foreign land. However, the humility and the struggle for her survival, as it is normal for women to struggle fending for family in the absence of a father, she is capable of getting a warm place to have a nap. This depicts women as down to Earth and always wanting the best for the family. However, this

Paper on Personal Values and Ethical Standards Essay

Paper on Personal Values and Ethical Standards - Essay Example The paper will discuss issues in Human Service Profession as they relate to the code of ethics. Such issues include the legal definition of insanity and human differences. Ethics and values are an essential part of any person. These are important in that they guide a person in making decisions and they influence the behavior of any given person. They guide the person in making a choice between two options and in knowing what is acceptable to him and what is not. The values and ethics are different depending on the individual, and they are formed within the social context that one finds themselves in. there are several forces that combine to influence the values and ethics of a given person(Burger 2010). Values are those things that one considers important or valuable in his life. They are the philosophy by which one lives. One’s values are an embodiment of what one stands for, or what one believes in. The values form the basis of behavior for a person, and every person has his own set of values by which he lives on, and through which he makes his day-to-day decisions and choices. Ethics on the other hand work to guide a person on what is right or wrong, what is moral and what is immoral, what is just and what is criminal, and what is good or evil. It is the system of one’s moral principles and works to govern how one behaves. Ethics and values are unique to every individual and they are acquired in a variety of ways. Every person begins to develop their own set of values and ethical standards from earlier on in life by observing what goes on around him. As one continues to grow and mature, one begins to realize the difference that exists between right and wrong. The values and ground rules that I use to govern my life have been learned and influenced by various people and institutions. There are also several events that have happened in life that have influenced my value system. As

Cadburys Business Assignment Essay Example for Free

Cadburys Business Assignment Essay The business that I have chosen to is Cadburys I have chosen to use the product will it is a well knows product that many people know and love, I have chosen this product because it has a very wide range of target audience and Cadburys is a well known business so information will be easy to access and to gather. The nature of the business is simple it is to provide sugary treats to the public the main target audience I would say would be children I would say from the ages of 4 onwards, the customers would be every one that likes chocolate they have a wide range of products such a cream egg this would appeal more to children than adults I would say as they adverts and the angle of the marketing addresses to children’s humour and to the nature of the commercial side of the business were as the product such a a dairy milk bar would appeal to a wider range of people such as adults as its simple and has very little child like qualities. The business brings out new products quite often so this would build on the companies reputation and would also help its sales figures as new products appeal to the customers curious nature as if a new product comes out that is advertised well, will make you want to try it and see what it is like, as Cadburys have a wide range of products there is pretty much a product for every one so the target audience is vast. Because of its large product range it will have more customers and because it has been around a long time this would mean that allot of people would have known about it and there for the audience and the people that buy the product will be greater than new businesses or newer businesses such as galaxy. The business Cadburys has existed since 1842 this shows the public that the business is a reliable and trust worthy business and obviously has a good range of products. Cadburys was founded almost 200 years ago and was opened by john Cadburys on bull street in Birmingham in 1824, he started of by making drinking chocolate then expanded by making chocolate and other products. Cadburys is a plc so it is a private limited company so this means it has public shares so the public would be involved in the business. The business is not based anywhere anymore but has business every were and this would make it a world wide company. The main competitors would be businesses such as galaxy and nesquik and other chocolate and sweat manufactures. My companies corporate aims would be to be able to make a healthy profit and be able to keep the business running at a high standard. The objectives of the business would be to be making lots of good quality chocolate and to be always be improving the quality of the chocolate and the recipes, other objectives would be to make their business fully fair trade as this would help the reputation of the business. Another objective would be to expand the business to have lots of stores world wide to increase the popularity of the business, doing this the business would need to make sure that they will be able to survive the market and make it an on going business. To create chocolate that appeals to all ages of the audience they do this by making sure that all of their ingredients are all at a high quality standard this includes fair trade products this would make their products more appealable to their target audience. Due to the nature of the business i think that they should cover some of the gaps such as creating more new products and possibly placing more Cadburys shop around the less populated areas around the country. I also feel as if Cadburys aims and objective are to do with the cream egg are easy and do able and make them accessible to smaller areas and smaller businesses such as corner shops. I have chosen Cadburys Cream Egg for my product that I am researching throughout my assignments, I have chosen this product as it is a noticed and a very well known brand and this product has been out for a while so there would be information to follow up on and to research about, this will be helpful with completing my assignments that I have been given, I have managed to find out allot about this business and this product so I am pleased with my decision. I am going to be finding out about the general aims and objectives for my chosen product that the business has set, I will also be discovering the SMART rule and I will be providing the basis for my marketing plan. I will be introducing this by using sections of the brief to make my plan, also researching the business. Cadburys used to be a family business and was running smoothly until the company went bankrupt in march 2010, since this Cadbury was acquired by Kraft Foods in March 2010. Kraft foods is an American based company that specializes in food such as chocolate and beverages. Kraft foods is a exceedingly good business earning around 1 billion dollars each year, and sells to over 170 different countries. Kraft foods is a public limited company. An aim is where the business wants to go in the future, its goals. It is a statement of purpose, e.g. we want to grow the business. A business aim is the goal a business wants to achieve. A primary aim for all business organizations is to add value and in the private sector this involves making a profit. More strategic aims include expansion, market leadership and brand building. A business o Objectives within an organization are established at a number of levels from top level corporate objectives, down to team objectives and individual objectives that create a framework for operational activities. These are often translated into targets which help to motivate staff in reaching short-term goals. Objectives therefore provide a clear structure for all of the various activities that an organization carries out. By measuring how well an objective has or has not been achieved, managers can make necessary changes to their activities to ensure progress and achievement of the stated objectives are made within the timescale allocated objective is a detailed picture of a step you plan to take in order to achieve a stated aim. A way to create this would to use the SMART rule.. Specific clear and easy to understand. Measurable i.e. able to be quantified. Achievable possible to be attained. Realistic not pie in the sky. Time bound associated with a specific time period For example. The aims of Cadburys are 1. Improving farmer incomes by helping farms to increase their yields and produce top quality beans. 2. Introducing new sources of rural income through microfinance and business support to kick start new rural businesses and introduce additional income streams such as growing other crops. Developing communities by helping them meet their own goals and improve rural life. For example, by supporting health through building wells for clean, safe water; education, through schools and libraries; and the environment through bio-diversity projects. 4. Working in partnership a pioneering model led from the grass roots. Farmers, governments, NGOs and international agencies work together to decide how the funding is spent and work with local organizations to turn plans into action. Cadbury is an international company that make, market and sell exclusive brands chocolate. Cadbury have achieved this effectively for over 200 years. The reason they are so successful is because they have a apparent and a clear understanding of the requirements and needs of their consumers, customers and other stakeholders. SMART stands for .. †¢Specific †¢Measurable †¢Achievable †¢Realistic †¢Timed Smart means objectives- they break up the aim into small do able task’s to make the job easier and achievable. Specific – Objectives should specify what they want to achieve, For example a soft drinks company may want to achieve 3% market share in 12 months. Measurable – You should be able to measure whether you are meeting the objectives or not to continue to run your business in a organised and professional manor, for example a market share over 12 months means that each month market share targets can be measured against a specific goal. Achievable Are the objectives you set, achievable to be able to carry on your business plan, an example for this would be over a period of time such as one year 12 months you need to be able to know does the company have the resources, man power and finances to achieve the goal. Realistic Can you realistically achieve the objectives with the resources you have such as space finance and staff and equipment, and does the company need more time than 1 mouths to get to the standard that the owner want. Time- this would mean when you want to set a time for the objectives and aims that you have set yourself and the marketing there need to be a date and able to make it specific and achievable, such as some business set a 12 month business plan to achieve these goals. Marketing objectives should be based on understanding your strengths and weaknesses, and the business environment you operate in. They should also be linked to your overall business strategy for example if the business id doing well and the sales increase by 15% in the last year then you should set a business plan that will help boost encourage the market sales further for example leading out a new product or different advertising to appeal more the customers. This should follow the SMART rules. For Cadburys cream egg i would need to use SMART to make my business plan specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timed, for example mine would be to boost market sales by 20% in 6 months by April 1st, i will do this by creating a new angle for the cream egg and make the advertising the product in a new way and maybe reshaping the product, for example such as Kellogg’s Special K they reinvented this product by advertising it so it would be a new slimming product it was targeted at women middle aged women as these area of people are the most likely to buy the product, this was effective and is now a top seller cereal. This is Realistic as i will have the eight resources and the finances to do this goal, this objective will be finished in 6 months time on the 1st of April 2012.

Huckleberry Finn and The Modern Classroom :: essays papers

Huckleberry Finn and The Modern Classroom Mark Twain’s story The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is a racist, immoral book that should not be taught in American High Schools. As a children’s story, Finn is an exciting tale of a boy and a runaway slave riding a raft to freedom. As a book to be taught to 16-year-old English students, it is a novel that incorporates serious racist issues conveniently hidden among it’s many scattered plots. From the beginning we are warned â€Å"persons attempting to find a plot will be shot,†(Notice) suggesting that, as analyzing novels is a central theme in English classrooms, Finn may not be the best choice. The protagonist, Huckleberry Finn, is a 14-year-old white boy growing up in Missouri, who lives his life running away from his problems, lying to everyone, stealing, and using everyone he comes across. He fakes his own death very convincingly, and all with the cool, level-headedness not akin to young boys. â€Å"Well, next I took an old sack and put a lot of big rocks in it, -all I could drag,-and I started it from the pig and dragged it to the door and through the woods down to the river and dumped it in, and down it sunk, out of sight. You could easy see that something had been dragged over the ground. I did wish Tom Sawyer was there, I knowed he would take an interest in this kind of business, and throw in the fancy touches. Nobody could spread himself like Tom Sawyer in such a thing as that.†(Ch. 7) This character isn’t probably what the youth of America needs to be learning about. His ability to remorselessly lie to people to get what he wants, is a frightening characteristic, which isn’t one that should be taught to impressionable students. He has taken the pretense of his own death and, in his mine, placed it in the category of the imaginary robbers and thieves games he used to play with Tom Sawyer. Huck’s companion on his trip down the river is Jim, an uneducated adult, black slave who has run away hoping to make it to a free state. The way that Huck treats Jim at times, lying to him or belittling him is racist and wrong.

Fred Maiorino Case Study Essay

Overview Fred Maiorino began his career at Schering-Plough in 1958 at the age of 28. He had been a successful sales representative till Jim Reed took over the position of General Sales Manager for South Jersey sales district in 1987. In 1988, Fred received his lowest ever performance evaluation of â€Å"Good† which was lower than any other sales representatives’ in the district. In fact, Fred’s salary increase at the end of the quarter was less than half of the average of other sales representatives who were at least 20 years younger to him. When Reed first came to New Jersey sales district, he turned to Fred for help and leadership. He implemented a new performance evaluation measuring system which rated salesmen according to two different measures. This new system included evaluations based on product market share gains and critical incidents of effective and ineffective salesmen actions recorded during joint calls made by district managers and sales reps. Moreover, Reed began coaching his subordinates and providing them with medical journals to help improve sales pitches. Unfortunately, even after working at Schering-Plough for over three decades as a highly successful salesman, Fred was terminated over coffee with Jim Reed at a local diner. This paper discusses why the different initiatives taken by Schering-Plough to motivate Fred Maiorino had failed. It also examines Reed’s role in the alleged breach of psychological contract and, contributions to the injustice and discrimination against Fred. Finally, this paper will provide recommendations for alternative coaching, goal-setting and leadership approaches that Schering-Plough could have adopted instead to ensure employee retention and loyalty. Breach of Psychological Contract At the beginning of their relationship, Jim Reed informed Fred that he would require Fred’s help in leadership. Although Reed may have made the remark in a casual manner, Fred took it seriously as he was able to recall the conversation even after a few years. Older employees tend to enjoy collaborative tasks through social interactions more than competitive tasks (Kanfer & Ackerman, 2004, p. 441). In fact, employees in their midlife  respond more positively to managerial strategies that promote cooperation instead of competition (Kanfer & Ackerman, 2004). In this case, it is fairly logical to think that Fred may have assumed that he would be promoted or provided with a salary hike if he was successful in helping Reed design a leadership plan for the district. In fact, this particular conversation with Reed may have led him to believe that Reed would acknowledge his hard work and loyalty by actually taking Fred’s advice or letting him help with the new strategy thereby , creating a psychological contract between the two parties involved. A psychological contact emerges when an employee believes that a promise of future benefit or return has been made in return for his contributions and, an obligation has been created for the employer (Robinson, Kraatz, & Rousseau, 1994). In other words, a psychological contract refers to the belief or perception of mutual obligations of an employee (Rousseau, 1989). Unfortunately, the assigned case does not indicate that Reed lived up to his promise of taking Fred’s help in motivating, mentoring and training new employees. According to Humphrey (2003) such acts can be deflating as the motivational benefits of bottom-up empowerment are forgone or lost. Moreover, violation of psychological contracts may lead to lower motivation and increased intentions to quit (Raja, Johns & Bilgrami, 2011). Thus, breach of such emotional contracts in the workplace may give rise to distrust, dissatisfaction and in extreme cases dissolution of the relationship between an employee and his employer (Roehling, 1997). In fact, breach of the psychological contracts lead to behaviors that undermine organizational effectiveness and efficiency (Lemire & Rouillard, 2005). Reed’s behavior increased Fred’s state of vigilance to the point where he began to actively monitor how well Schering-Plough was meeting the terms of their psychological contract. Moreover, in Fred’s eyes, Schering-Plough has breached the psychological contract with Fred. Fred had dedicated over 35 years of him life to the company only to find out it had made plans to make him retire early. Furthermore, Fred began to lose his faith in Schering-Plough when he realized that younger salespersons were being hired to replace long-term hard-working employees like him. In addition, Reed referred Fred’s decision to decline the early retirement plan as a foolish act. According to Zagenczyk, Gibney, Kiewitz, and Restubog (2009), supervisors’ supportiveness/discouragement strengthens/weakens the  relationship between employers and employees. A study that included 297 responses from 31 organizations confirmed a relationship between the existence of psychological contract and employee commitment. In fact, those with relational psychological contract exhibited more commitment to the workplace than those with transactional contracts (Chiang, Liao, Klein & Jiang, 2012). Violation of Procedural Justice Reed’s evaluation and spying on Fred resulted in the latter being suspended without pay for two days. This led to an increase in Fred’s feelings of injustice and violation. Additionally, Fred and Reed held different views of the measurement of Fred’s performance at work, flexibility, goal-setting and the purpose of coaching. In fact, Reed’s communication of matching market share goals and what was expected of Fred was highly complex and ambiguous. Such behavior on Reed’s part raised questions about procedural justice at Schering-Plough. Procedural justice is determined on the basis of the quality of what is being communicated an employee. In other words, procedural justice is based on the extent to which an employee feels whether his employer communicated crucial decisions in a sensitive and ethical manner (Harvey & Haines III, 2005). In other words, how a decision is made and communicated is what counts most (Harvey & Haines III, 2005). Unfortunate ly, Reed’s behavior implied that he regarded Fred as someone worthy of respect. This was further attested when Reed felt that it was not important to let Fred know the dates when he saw Fred’s company car parked in his driveway during work hours. Moreover, the new performance evaluation system implemented by Reed showed that Fred was doing â€Å"very good†. However, Reed decided to focus more on the least desirable component of Fred’s evaluation and give Fred and overall â€Å"good†. The results of the evaluation were humiliating for Fred as it was his lowest ever rating and was certainly lower than all other new hires who were at least 20 years younger to him. The assigned case study does not tell us how exactly Reed communicated his evaluations of Fred’s performance to Fred, but it does tell us that he evaluated Fred the very same way the second time. This time he sent Fred a memo letting him know that he was capable of doing better. The procedures involved in decision-making and the method of communication used affect employ ee behavior at work (Harvey & Haines III, 2005). Ineffective  Performance Appraisals and Goal-Setting Systems Right after Reed informed Fred that he would need the latter’s help, he implemented a new appraisal system that evaluated employees based on new criteria. However, this new system seemed to worsen his relationship with Fred. Job relatedness, formalization, reliability, open communication, trained appraisers, ease of use, employee accessibility and appeal procedures are among some of the characteristics of an effective appraisal system (Caruth & Humphreys, 2008). The newly implemented system barely met any of the above categories. General guidelines instead of comprehensive policies and written instructions were used by the company. It is important to use appraisal systems that encourage improvement and are not regarded as threats to be feared by employees (Hammer, 2007). As such, performance evaluations should be followed by accurate description and diagnosis of the ratings so that employees are able to discuss, understand and prevent future problems (Lee, 2005). This was lacking in Reed’s appraisal system. Moreover, recording and monitoring employee behavior during joint calls may have led Fred to be more cautious and nervous during client interactions. According to Gray (2002) such systems do not encourage competency or loyalty as they are distorted by evaluator bias. Fred never thought his performance rating was fair – in fact, he resisted it because older workers are more likely to avoid situations that put them at a disadvantage when compared to younger employees (Kanfer & Ackerman, 2004). The following paragraphs discuss what Reed could and should have done better to improve Fred’s situation and circumstances. Improving Leadership Style One of the major issues that led to Fred’s decision to take Schering-Plough to court was Reed’s ineffective leadership style. It is important for managers to know what behaviors promote achievement of results and what behaviors are plain ineffective (Lindbom, 2007). In fact, one of the most important job duties of a manager is to improve his followers’ performances. This meant, Reed should have communicated better with Fred. In fact, he should have asked Fred about his problems and listened to him instead of simply pushing him and sending him memos for poor performance. Continuous feedback and dialog would have allowed Reed to understand Fred’s needs, strengths, and weaknesses better while building a stronger bond with him.  Once this bond was built, it would have been much easier for Reed to alter Fred’s behavior according to the interest of the organization. An effective manager is attuned to individual followers and takes the right decision at the right time (Buzady, 2011). This allows the manager or leader to interact and alter workloads during difficult times. Transformational leaders focus on matching behaviors and communication instead of goals and skills (Humphreys & Einstein, 2004). Therefore, Reed could have improved Fred’s motivation and performance by communicating in a way that would have been easy for Fred to understand and relate to. Moreover, a leader must encourage and understand the ideals and values that his followers share. In order to come to a common ground with followers, an effective leader must think less about himself and more for others (Kerfoot, 2004). Congruency can only be reached when a leader looks beyond himself and more toward the opportunities for advancement of his followers. Leaders should ensure that challenging work that is valued is provided to subordinates while considering the followers ability. He should always consider the followers self-esteem and self-concept, communicate goals clearly and understand the relationship between paying attention to individual followers and job satisfaction (Isaac, Zerbe & Pitt, 2011). Moreover, it is recommended that sales leaders employ a more active style of leadership in order to improv e participation and performance. Therefore, Reed should have considered adopting transformational leadership style (Bass, 1993). Transformational leaders are those who are able to develop the ability within their subordinates to look beyond their own self interests and align their goals with that of the organization. Although transactional leadership style is more popular among sales managers and is believed to induce desired responses in employees, transformational leadership has been found to produce higher such results (Dubinsky, Yammarino, Jolson & Spanger, 2001). Transformational leader hold deep personal value systems that allow them to unite their followers while modifying their goals (Bass,1999). Moreover, transformational leader demonstrate individual consideration, charisma and inspirational motivation – all of which were lacking in Reed from Fred’s point of view. Improving Coaching Furthermore, Reed needed to change his way of coaching his subordinates.  Reed’s concept of coaching included handing out manuals and writing memos that stated Fred was capable of doing better. Today, most organizations are determined to improve the ability of managers to coach their subordinates effectively. Many organizations shelve out millions of dollars to promote and facilitate a health coaching environment. In fact, coaching is considered a manager’s top priority in many companies. Therefore, Reed should have designed one-on-one monthly meetings with his subordinates where he could have discussed ways to improve individual sales performance. Moreover, instead of punishing Fred for products that he was selling less of, Reed should have first appreciated Fred’s top selling products. Subordinates look forward to reinforcement when they do the right things and welcome constructive criticism when they recognize their work needs improvement (Robinson & Roussea u, 1994). Improving Reward System . A sudden change in the reward systems is usually not well accepted among employees who perform consistently. Therefore, it was critical for Reed to first speak to his subordinates regarding changes in Reed used a highly ineffective reward system where the company ended up awarding Fred less than his expected salary increase. Instead, Reed should have made every effort to determine what rewards his subordinates valued and how much effort they were willing to make to attain the rewardsperformance and work with them to improve on it. Constant coaching, mentoring and one-on-one monthly individual performance evaluations would have given employees an idea of what rewards to expect from the new system. In fact, the unexpected and unprecedented reward might have actually de-motivated Fred to the point where he did not find it necessary to work on his weaknesses in selling the two major products of the company. References Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1999). Re†examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 72(4), 441-462. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership: A response to critiques. Braun, C. (1997). Organizational infidelity: how violations of trust affect the employee-employer relationship. The Academy of Management Executive, 11(4), 94-95. Buzady, Z. & Georgiu, A. (2011). Riding the waves of the motivation cycle. OD Practitioner, 43(1), p. 35-41. Caruth, D. L. & Humphreys, J. H. (2008). Performance appraisal: essential characteristics for s strategic control. Measuring Business Excellence, 12(3), p. 24 Chiang, J. C., Liao, C., Klein, G., & Jiang, J. (2012). Consequences of psychological contract violations for IS personnel. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 52(4), 78-87. Dubinsky, A. J., Yammarino, F. J., Jolson, M. A., & Spangler, W. D. (1995). Transformational leadership: An initial investigation in sales management. The Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 17-31. Hammer, M. (2007, Spring). The 7 deadly sins of performance measurement and how to avoid them. MIT Sloan Management Review, 48(3), p. 19-28. Harvey, S. & Haines III, V. (2005). Employer treatment of employees during a community crisis: The role of procedural and distributive justice. Journal of Business & Psychology, 20(1), p. 53-68. Humphreys, J. H. (2003). Xenophon as leadership theorist: an early model of leader behavior and follower work motivation. Academy of Management Proceedings, D1-D6 Humphreys, J. H., & Einstein, W. O. (2004). Leadership and temperament congruence: Extending the expectancy model of work motivation. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 10(4), 58-79. Isaac, R. G., Zerbe, W. J., & Pitt, D. C. (2001). Leadership and motivation: The effective application of expectancy theory. Journal of Managerial Issues, 212-226. Kanfer, R. & Ackerman, P. (2004, July). Aging, adult development, and work motivation. The Academy of Management Review, 29(3), p. 440-458. Kerfoot, K. (2004, October). The shelf life of leaders. MEDSURG Nursing, 13(5), p348-350. Lee, C. D. (2005, Autumn). Rethinking the goals of your performance-management system. Employment Relations Today, 32(3), p. 53-60 Lemire, L. & Rouillard, C. (2005). An empirical exploration of psychological contract violation and individual behaviour. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20(2), 150-163. Lindbom, D. (2007). A culture of coaching: The challenge of managing performance for long- term results. Organization Development Journal, 25(2), pP101-P106. Raja, U., Johns, G., & Bilgrami, S. (2011). Negative consequences of felt violations: The deeper the relationship, the stronger the reaction. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 60, 397–420. Robinson, S. L., Kraatz, M. S., & Rousseau, D. M. (1994). Changing obligations and the psychological contract: A longitudinal study. Academy of management Journal, 37(1), 137-152. Robinson, S. L., & Rousseau, D. M. (1994). Violating the psychological contract: Not the exception but the norm. Journal of organizational behavior,15(3), 245-259. Roehling, M. V. (1997). The origins and early development of the psychological contract construct. Journal of Management History (Archive), 3(2), 204-217. Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2, 121–139. Zagenczyk, T. J., Gibney, R., Kiewitz, C., & Restubog, S. L. D. (2009). Mentors, supervisors and role models: Do they reduce the effects of psychological contract breach? Human Resource Management Journal, 19(3), p. 237-259.